Transparency
Methodology
Every inventory follows the GHG Protocol on published 2025 well-to-wheel CO₂-eq factors, with the electricity factor resolved from your country of operation. Dual Scope 2 is always calculated. Screening lines are labelled so you can replace them before assurance.
Standard
GHG Protocol
Corporate Standard + Scope 2 Guidance
Countries
44
Published grid factors, plus your own for any other
Scope 2
Dual
Market-based and location-based, always both
How the engine calculates
- 1. Scope 1. Stationary fuels, fleet litres and leaked refrigerant. Litres beat kilometres when both exist.
- 2. Scope 2 market-based. Electricity covered by cancelled certificates counts as 0 kg/kWh. The rest uses your supplier or residual-mix factor if you enter one, otherwise the country grid average.
- 3. Scope 2 location-based. All kilowatt hours at the grid factor for your country of operation, plus the same district-heat line. Always shown next to the market-based total.
- 4. Scope 3 screening. Travel by distance band, hotels, waste, water, freight and a spend-based Category 1 placeholder.
- 5. Intensities. tCO₂e per FTE, kg per m² and tCO₂e per million units of revenue when those denominators are filled in.
Electricity grid factors by country
Electricity is the one factor that genuinely depends on where you operate. Where a national authority publishes a mandatory factor we use it; everywhere else we use Ember's generation intensity for that country. Operating somewhere not listed? Enter your own factor and the report prints that instead.
| Country | Location-based | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Europe | ||
 Austria | 0.117 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Belgium | 0.15 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Denmark | 0.114 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Finland | 0.057 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 France | 0.041 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Germany | 0.33 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Ireland | 0.256 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Italy | 0.285 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Netherlands | 0.268 kg/kWh | CO2emissiefactoren.nl 2025 · residual 0.497 kg/kWh (CO2emissiefactoren.nl 2025 grey electricity) |
 Norway | 0.028 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Poland | 0.589 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Portugal | 0.128 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Spain | 0.154 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Sweden | 0.035 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Switzerland | 0.039 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 United Kingdom | 0.177 kg/kWh | DEFRA 2025 |
| Americas | ||
 Argentina | 0.343 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Brazil | 0.11 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Canada | 0.191 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Chile | 0.289 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Colombia | 0.187 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Mexico | 0.474 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 United States | 0.35 kg/kWh | EPA eGRID 2023 national average |
| Asia-Pacific | ||
 Australia | 0.525 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Bangladesh | 0.696 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 China | 0.526 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 India | 0.67 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Indonesia | 0.68 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Japan | 0.477 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Malaysia | 0.602 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 New Zealand | 0.093 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Pakistan | 0.469 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Philippines | 0.588 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Singapore | 0.497 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 South Korea | 0.417 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Sri Lanka | 0.329 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Thailand | 0.546 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Vietnam | 0.461 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
| Africa & Middle East | ||
 Egypt | 0.563 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Israel | 0.493 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Nigeria | 0.456 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 Saudi Arabia | 0.692 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 South Africa | 0.699 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
 United Arab Emirates | 0.468 kg/kWh | Ember Yearly Electricity 2025 |
Fuel, travel and screening factors
These are well-to-wheel CO₂-eq values from the 2025 CO2emissiefactoren.nl list. Combustion factors follow fuel chemistry and upstream supply rather than national borders, so they transfer between countries. Align the factor year with your inventory year and recalculate if you report a different year.
| Source | Factor | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Natural gas | 2.134 / Nm³ | 2.134 kg/Nm³ WTW |
| LPG | 1.792 / L | 1.792 kg/L WTW |
| Diesel B7 | 3.251 / L | 3.251 kg/L WTW |
| Petrol E10 | 2.797 / L | 2.797 kg/L WTW |
| Refrigerant leak (R-410A) | 2088 / kg | GWP100 2,088 |
| Certificate-backed electricity (market-based) | 0 / kWh | 0 kg/kWh where GO / REGO / REC certificates are cancelled |
| District heat (default) | 38.43 / GJ | 38.43 kg/GJ WTW, override locally |
| Public transport (mixed) | 0.014 / pkm | 0.014 kg/pkm |
| Train (average) | 0.003 / pkm | 0.003 kg/pkm |
| Passenger car (average) | 0.191 / vkm | 0.191 kg/vkm |
| Flights <700 km | 0.234 / pkm | 0.234 kg/pkm |
| Flights 700–2,500 km | 0.172 / pkm | 0.172 kg/pkm |
| Flights >2,500 km | 0.157 / pkm | 0.157 kg/pkm |
| Hotel nights | 21.5 / nights | 21.5 kg/night indicative |
| Residual waste | 0.479 / kg | 0.479 kg/kg incineration |
| Water | 0.298 / m³ | 0.298 kg/m³ |
| Road freight | 0.126 / tkm | 0.126 kg/tkm average van |
| Purchased goods & services | 0.25 / currency | 0.25 kg per unit, EUR-based screen |
Reduction targets and pathways
A target is a base year, a rate and a target year. The SBTi cross-sector Absolute Contraction Approach cuts a fixed share of the base year every year, so the reduction is linear rather than compounding: 4.2% a year over ten years is the familiar 42% cut. Scope 1+2 must meet a 1.5°C pathway; near-term Scope 3 only has to meet well-below 2°C, which is why the two lines run at different rates.
Scope 1 + 2
4.2%
a year, 1.5°C minimum
Scope 3
2.5%
a year, well-below 2°C minimum
Scope 3 threshold
40%
above this, Scope 3 needs its own target
These are SBTi's minimum rates. Since Corporate Net-Zero Standard V1.3.1 the required rate is adjusted upward based on how much time separates your base year from the pathway's net-zero year, with 4.2% as the floor. We model the floor and label it as such, because a floor we can cite beats a dynamic rate we would have to guess at. Nothing here is a validated SBTi target — validation is something only the SBTi can do.
National targets used as a benchmark
These are country obligations, not company obligations. They sit next to your own trajectory so a board can see whether it is moving faster or slower than the economy it sells into. A blank means we hold no figure we could attribute to a named source, not that the country has no policy.
| Country | 2035 NDC | Net zero | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | 66.25–72.5% below 1990 by 2035 | 2050 | EU 2035 NDC, submitted 5 November 2025 (CAT) |
| United Kingdom | 81% below 1990 by 2035 | 2050 | UK 2035 NDC, submitted 30 January 2025 (CAT) |
| Ireland | 66.25–72.5% below 1990 by 2035 | 2050 | EU 2035 NDC, submitted 5 November 2025 (CAT) |
| Germany | 66.25–72.5% below 1990 by 2035 | 2050 | EU 2035 NDC, submitted 5 November 2025 (CAT) |
| France | 66.25–72.5% below 1990 by 2035 | 2050 | EU 2035 NDC, submitted 5 November 2025 (CAT) |
| Belgium | 66.25–72.5% below 1990 by 2035 | 2050 | EU 2035 NDC, submitted 5 November 2025 (CAT) |
| Spain | 66.25–72.5% below 1990 by 2035 | 2050 | EU 2035 NDC, submitted 5 November 2025 (CAT) |
| Italy | 66.25–72.5% below 1990 by 2035 | 2050 | EU 2035 NDC, submitted 5 November 2025 (CAT) |
| Portugal | 66.25–72.5% below 1990 by 2035 | 2050 | EU 2035 NDC, submitted 5 November 2025 (CAT) |
| Austria | 66.25–72.5% below 1990 by 2035 | 2050 | EU 2035 NDC, submitted 5 November 2025 (CAT) |
| Switzerland | At least 65% below 1990 by 2035 | 2050 | Swiss Federal Council, January 2025 (BAFU) |
| Denmark | 66.25–72.5% below 1990 by 2035 | 2050 | EU 2035 NDC, submitted 5 November 2025 (CAT) |
| Sweden | 66.25–72.5% below 1990 by 2035 | 2050 | EU 2035 NDC, submitted 5 November 2025 (CAT) |
| Norway | — | 2050 | Norwegian Climate Change Act |
| Finland | 66.25–72.5% below 1990 by 2035 | 2050 | EU 2035 NDC, submitted 5 November 2025 (CAT) |
| Poland | 66.25–72.5% below 1990 by 2035 | 2050 | EU 2035 NDC, submitted 5 November 2025 (CAT) |
| United States | 61–66% below 2005 by 2035 | — | WRI, Assessing 2025 NDCs, submitted December 2024 |
| Canada | 45–50% below 2005 by 2035 | 2050 | WRI, Assessing 2025 NDCs |
| Mexico | Reach 364–404 MtCO₂e by 2035 (unconditional) | 2050 | WRI, Assessing 2025 NDCs |
| Brazil | 59–67% below 2005 by 2035 | 2050 | WRI, Assessing 2025 NDCs |
| Argentina | — | 2050 | National net-zero pledge (UNFCCC LT-LEDS / Net Zero Tracker) |
| Chile | — | 2050 | Chilean Framework Law on Climate Change |
| Colombia | — | 2050 | Colombian Climate Action Law 2169 of 2021 |
| China | 7–10% below peak emissions by 2035 | 2060 | WRI, Assessing 2025 NDCs |
| Japan | 60% below 2013 by 2035 | 2050 | WRI, Assessing 2025 NDCs |
| South Korea | 53–61% below 2018 by 2035 | 2050 | WRI, Assessing 2025 NDCs |
| India | — | 2070 | India LT-LEDS, submitted November 2022 |
| Australia | 62–70% below 2005 by 2035 | 2050 | WRI, Assessing 2025 NDCs |
| New Zealand | — | 2050 | Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Act 2019 |
| Singapore | — | 2050 | National net-zero pledge (UNFCCC LT-LEDS / Net Zero Tracker) |
| Malaysia | — | — | No verified target on file |
| Thailand | — | 2065 | National net-zero pledge (UNFCCC LT-LEDS / Net Zero Tracker) |
| Indonesia | Reach 1,258–1,489 MtCO₂e by 2035 | 2060 | WRI, Assessing 2025 NDCs |
| Philippines | — | — | No verified target on file |
| Vietnam | — | 2050 | National net-zero pledge (UNFCCC LT-LEDS / Net Zero Tracker) |
| Bangladesh | — | — | No verified target on file |
| Pakistan | — | — | No verified target on file |
| Sri Lanka | — | — | No verified target on file |
| South Africa | Reach 320–380 MtCO₂e by 2035 | 2050 | WRI, Assessing 2025 NDCs |
| Egypt | — | — | No verified target on file |
| Nigeria | — | — | No verified target on file |
| Saudi Arabia | — | 2060 | National net-zero pledge (UNFCCC LT-LEDS / Net Zero Tracker) |
| United Arab Emirates | — | 2050 | National net-zero pledge (UNFCCC LT-LEDS / Net Zero Tracker) |
| Israel | — | 2050 | National net-zero pledge (UNFCCC LT-LEDS / Net Zero Tracker) |
What this is not
The PDF is an automated GHG inventory, not limited or reasonable assurance. Spend-based purchased goods, hotel nights and residual waste are screening values, and the spend factor is calibrated on euros, so convert if you report in another currency. District heat carries a single default factor because heat networks vary far too much to guess — replace it with your network's published figure. Where no residual mix is published for your market, the grid average stands in for untracked electricity, which the Scope 2 Guidance permits but your supplier's own factor beats. Replace these lines with primary data before an external audit.
- GHG Protocol Corporate Standard
- GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance (market vs location)
- Ember — Yearly Electricity Data (grid intensity by country)
- UK DEFRA / DESNZ conversion factors
- US EPA eGRID
- CO2emissiefactoren.nl — 2025 list (fuels, travel, screening)
- AIB European Residual Mixes (supplier / residual factors)